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![]() ![]() The longer you wait, the darker the wood will look. STEP 4: Within 2 hours, apply Minwax Wood Finish in Special Walnut.Īfter 5-15 minutes, remove any excess stain with a rag. STEP 3: Apply Minwax Pre-Stain Wood Conditioner using a rag.Īfter 5-15 minutes, remove any excess using a rag. I then used a tack cloth to remove any dust from the wood. My wood was a little rough in some places so I first used 100 grit sandpaper and then moved on to 220 grit sandpaper to make it really smooth. The other two triangles should be 5″ tall with the side opposite the right angle cut at a 31-degree angle. Two triangles should be 8″ tall with the side opposite the right angle cut at a 31-degree angle. 2″ x 12″ x 1′ Oak Board (or any wood scraps you have lying around)Ĭlick hereto find a local retailer for Minwax products! Directions for Mountain DIY BookendsĬut 4 triangles from a 2″ thick piece of oak.Head her e for more inspiration from Minwax! Or keep scrolling down to see both finished bookends! Tools & Materials for Mountain DIY Bookends You’ll notice that the wax will stay in the wood grain, creating a beautiful look on the wood. Then you apply it in a circular motion with a rag.Īfter 3-5 minutes, remove any excess wax with a rag going against the grain. I absolutely love this wax! It’s so beautiful how it highlights the grain, especially on top of solid color stain.įirst you mix it. STEP 5: Apply Minwax Design Series Grain Hig hlighting Finishing Waxwith a rag. STEP 4: Once the stain is dry, glue the pieces together using wood glue.Ĭlamp them together until the glue is dry. Immediately (within 2 minutes) remove any excess stain with a rag. Immediately (within 2 minutes) remove any excess stain with a synthetic pad.Īpply the Semi-Transparent Color Stain using a Purdy 2” XL Sprig Paintbrush. Both are water based, which means they dry quickly and are really easy to clean up! Plus, there are over 200 color options to choose from!Īpply the Solid Color Stain using a Purdy 2” XL Sprig Paintbrush. I chose a green color, Gentle Olive, in a solid color stain and a white color, Pure White, in a semi-transparent color stain. I decided to alternate colors with my wood blocks. STEP 4: Apply Minwax Wood Finish Water-Based Semi-Transparent Color Stain and Minwax Wood Finish Water-Based Solid Color Stain. After 15-30 minutes, lightly sand the surface with 220 grit sandpaper. I’m choosing to use a water-based wood conditioner because I will be using a water-based stain on top of it.Īfter you have applied it, remove any excess with a rag within 1-5 minutes of application. This pre-stain wood conditioner helps ensure that your stain will go on really evenly. STEP 3: Apply Minwax Water – Based Pre-Stain Wood Conditioner using a Purdy 2” XL Sprig Paintbrush. My wood was pretty smooth already so I just quickly sanded it using 220 grit sandpaper to make sure the edges were smooth as well. STEP 2: Sand the wood and use a tack cloth to remove any sawdust. Using scrap wood or a 1″ x 6″ x 6′ oak board, cut the following pieces to size using a miter saw: Minwax Design Series Grain Hig hlighting Finishing WaxĬlick here to find a local retailer for Minwax products! Directions for Modern DIY Bookends.Minwax Wood Finish Water-Based Solid Color Stain in Gentle Olive.Minwax Wood Finish Water-Based Semi-Transparent Color Stain in Pure White.Minwax Water-Based Pre-Stain Wood Conditioner. ![]() 1″ x 6″ x 6′ Oak Board (or any wood scraps you have lying around).There is some dry time in there so you could get it done in a day if you’d like to! Tools & Materials for Modern DIY Bookends It took me two days to complete both of these. This post contains affiliate links which means I may get a small commission off any purchases made from my links. I received compensation and free product from Minwax but all opinions stated here are my own. Thanks to Minwax for sponsoring this post. Let’s get to it! Below are the super simple steps to create these bookends and thereby, have a personalized gift for someone at the very last minute. The other one is a modern style DIY bookend that would be perfect in someone’s living room, bedroom or office.īoth are very simple projects that can be completed in a day or two. One is mountain-themed DIY bookend and could be used in a cabin, a kid’s room or so many other places. Are you like this too? If so, I have some easy DIY bookends for you! They make for beautiful, personalized gifts. That means I’m often scrambling at the last minute to figure out what to buy for someone. I rarely plan ahead enough for occasions that require gifts: Christmas, birthdays, etc. ![]() ![]() ![]() Jun's friendly and powerful voice has a huge range. Fukuyama Jun (Assassination Classroom, Code Geass)Ĭode Geass, Season 1, Episode 25 || Credits: Code Geass IMDb He often plays teachers like Amemiya Taiyou in Inazuma Eleven GO 2 or Shuuta Hayami in Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal. Yakuya is known for his loud, confident, and inspiring voice. Eguchi Takuya (Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Inazuma Eleven GO 2) Kazuhiro has voiced over 40 famous anime roles, including Kakashi Hatake from Naruto, Utsugi-sensei (Professor Elm) from Pokemon, and Fruits Basket's Hatori Sohma. Her voice is known for being high and nasally but still powerful and feminine. Rie is known for her famous anime roles like the lead Shana from Shakugan no Shana and Happy, the talking cat from Fairy Tail. Kugimiya Rie (Shakugan no Shana, Fairy Tail) He voices roles such as Athrun in Gundam Seed and Fairy Tail's Zeref. He often plays childlike and happy characters like Lavi in D.Gray-Man and Mikoshiba from Free! Ishida Akira (Gundam Seed, Fairy Tail)Īkira is great at making his voice sound calm and cool, even when delivering intense monologues. Kenichi is famous for his lively, jolly voice. Her voice makes many of her characters perfect waifus. Risa's voice is so cute, high-pitched, and full of schoolgirl excitement. Taneda Risa (Your Lie in April, High School DxD, Shokugeki no Soma)įood Wars, Season 2, Episode 3 || Credits: Food Wars IMDb He also voices other heroic characters like Uryu from Bleach and Shiro from Fate/Stay Night. Noriyaki is one of the most famous anime voice actors and voices a prevalent character in modern mainstream anime, Sasuke from Naruto. Sugiyama Noriyaki (Naruto, Bleach, Fate/Stay Night) However, he is most famous for voicing memorable anime characters like Eren Yeager from Attack on Titan and Yukine from Noragami. Yuki was a singer and is now famous for his voice acting, which sounds young and dashing. He almost always voices badass characters, ranging from One Punch Man's Genos to Haikyuu's Tobio Kagiyama. Kaito Ishikawa (One Punch Man, Haikyuu!!) Tomokazu's characters include Gilgamesh from every Fate series, Sousuke from Full Metal Panic!, and Itaru Hashida from Steins Gate. ![]() He is especially good at sounding angry or intense. Tomokazu has voiced a ton of anime and is known for his youthful, passionate voice. Seki Tomokazu (Full Metal Panic!, Fate/Zero, Steins Gate) He is famous for his ultimate "cool guy" voice and has voiced in over 75 famous anime shows, including Levi from Attack on Titan (Shingeki no Kyojin). ![]() Like most of the actors on this list, Hiroshi voiced characters in many more animes than the ones listed here. Kamiya Hiroshi (Attack on Titan, Angel Beats!!)Īttack on Titan, Season 3, Episode 7 || Credits: Attack on Titan IMDb Ise Mariya (Pokemon XY, Hunter x Hunter).Koshimizu Ami (Kill la Kill, Sailor Moon Crystal).Suzuki Tatsuhisa (Free! Iwatobi Swim Club, My Little Monster).Ono Daisuke (Black Butler, Attack on Titan).Miyano Mamoru (Death Note, Full Metal Alchemist: Brotherhood, Bungou Stray Dogs, Vampire Night, Gakuen-Alice).Fukuyama Jun (Assassination Classroom, Code Geass).Eguchi Takuya (Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal, Inazuma Eleven GO 2).Kugimiya Rie (Shakugan no Shana, Fairy Tail).Taneda Risa (Your Lie in April, High School DxD, Food Wars).Sugiyama Noriyaki (Naruto, Bleach, Fate/Stay Night).Kaito Ishikawa (One Punch Man, Haikyuu!!).Seki Tomokazu (Full Metal Panic!, Fate/Zero, Steins Gate).Kamiya Hiroshi (Attack on Titan, Angel Beats!!).Some anime is so good that it makes you forget the characters' voices are just actors! Some actors even do voices for more than one show, including the following original Japanese voice actors. ![]() Osamu Dazai from Bungou Stray Dogs and Mamoru Miyano ![]() ![]() ![]() It begins bleakly with a phrase comparable to Hamlet’s famous “To be or not to be” soliloquy. “Changes” has a transformative attitude, ranging from angry and depressed to brave and optimistic. ![]() While nonviolence may not have characterized the life of this West Coast rapper, he confirms his morality and contemplates his own life in this beautiful, expository song. ![]() His brutally honest lyrics embody theme found in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s profound “Letter from Birmingham Jail”: a successful protest piece exposes injustice and calls us to action simultaneously. Dre) … Deutsch WikipediaĬhanges - Contents 1 Music 1.1 Bands 1.2 Albums 1.Tupac Shakur, hip-hop legend who fearlessly translated his discontent with modern society into musical poetry, wrote “Changes” while serving time in jail. Tupac amaru shakur - Chartplatzierungen Erklärung der Daten Singles California Love (feat. Tupac Amaru Shakur - Chartplatzierungen Erklärung der Daten Singles California Love (feat. La lista incluye canciones lanzadas en álbumes… … Wikipedia Español Contenido 1 Álbumes 1.1 Álbumes de estudio 1.2 Álbumes en grupo … Wikipedia EspañolĪnexo:Canciones de Tupac Shakur - La siguiente es una lista de las canciones oficiales del rapero estadounidense Tupac Shakur, a lo largo de su carrera musical desde 1991 hasta 1996, y de manera póstuma hasta día de hoy. Tupac Shakur Surnom 2Pac, Makaveli Nom Lesane Parish Crooks Naissa … Wikipédia en Français Tupac Shakur - Pour les articles homonymes, voir Túpac. Tupac Shakur - Tupac Amaru Shakur Background information … Wikipedia ^ " 2Pac Album & Song Chart History" Billboard Pop Songs for 2Pac.^ " 2Pac Album & Song Chart History" Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for 2Pac.^ " 2Pac Album & Song Chart History" Billboard Hot 100 for 2Pac.^ " Die ganze Musik im Internet: Charts, News, Neuerscheinungen, Tickets, Genres, Genresuche, Genrelexikon, Künstler-Suche, Musik-Suche, Track-Suche, Ticket-Suche - " (in German).^ " Ultratop.be – 2 Pac – Changes" (in French).^ " Ultratop.be – 2 Pac – Changes" (in Dutch).^ " 2 Pac – Changes – Austriancharts.at" (in German).^ Ascap entry for song ASCAP, accessed May 1, 2011.UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company) Nas samples the song for his song Black President. The Tupac 'Changes' instrumental was used by Insane Clown Posse in "Mom Song" a mothers day song. Bay Area rapper E-40 had interpreted the song already on his track, "Things'll Never Change," for his album Tha Hall of Game. The song is an interpretation of the 1986 hit " The Way It Is" by Bruce Hornsby and the Range. The Chris Hafner-directed music video is a compilation of a number of previous music videos 2Pac released in addition to home videos and never-before-seen pictures, similar to the format of The Notorious B.I.G.'s " Dead Wrong", also released in 1999. In 2008, "Changes" climbed to Number One on Billboard magazine's Hot Ringtones chart. ![]() Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party. The "Huey" that 2Pac mentions in the song ( "two shots in the dark, now Huey's dead") is Huey P. In 2009, "Changes" was chosen as one of 12 songs to appear on the Vatican's official Myspace music page. "Changes" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the Grammy Awards of 2000 and remains the only posthumous song to be nominated in this category. Released posthumously on his album Greatest Hits, the song talks about all of the different issues that were related to 2Pac's era of influence - notably racism, police brutality, drugs and gang violence. It is one of 2Pac's most notable and popular songs. The song was a #1 hit in Norway and The Netherlands and reached the top ten in the singles charts of several other countries, including #3 in the United Kingdom. ![]() ![]() You will then find the Apk file on 's “Download” page. To download Tuner Radio Player Apk Mod, please click on the download button at the top of the article or at the end of this article. How to download Tuner Radio Player on ? Note: Before installing the APK MOD, you need to uninstall the original version or another MOD version.įrequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Q. Once you have completed the above step, you can go to the "Download" folder in the file manager and click on the downloaded MOD APK file.Īfter the installation is complete, you can open the application and experience as usual.Enable the "Unknown Sources" setting: Go to Menu > Settings > Security > and check for unknown sources so that your phone can install applications from sources other than the Google Play Store.To install software anywhere else, you have to enable installation from third-party sources.Then wait a few seconds for the system to automatically download the Tuner Radio Player MOD APK / DATA file You can download it by clicking the download button below the article.To download Tuner Radio Player (Premium Unlocked/VIP/PRO) APK and other applications at you should see the instructions below. This link leads to the Tuner radio application on Google Play.ĭownloader.world App How can I use Tuner Radio?Īfter logging into the application, select a genre from the left panel.Īfter selecting a genre, you will see a search bar where you can enter the title of the film you wish to watch.Download Tuner Radio Player MOD APK with Premium Unlocked/VIP/PRO.Once you reach the bottom of the page, click “Go to Google Play and click “Android app on Google Play.”.It will appear on your phone’s home screen once the app has been installed.Allow a moment for the application to begin installing on your smartphone. Install the application by clicking the icon.In the Google Play store, look for “Tuner Radio Player.”.Click on your favorite shows to view them.Now open the application and search for your preferred movies and songs.To begin using Tuner Radio Movies Players, download and install the application.How to utilize the Downloader global App – Tuner Radio Movies Players Install and launch the application, search for “777 movies,” and select the watch option.Launch the LD player emulator and search for Tuner radio movie players.Download and install the LDPlayer Emulator on your laptop first. ![]() To download and install Tuner Radio Movies Players for PC laptops running Windows and Macintosh.Tuner Radio Movie Players for Windows PC/Notebook.Now, tap to install it on your Windows or Mac computer.Then, double-click to open the Google Play store and enter “Tune Radio music” in the search bar.After installing the emulator successfully, use it and login in with your Gmail account.From was download and install Bluestacks on your computer.Visit the official website of an emulator such as Bluestacks first.Follow the instructions to successfully download the downloader world app apk on a PC, a laptop, and a Mac. ![]() World application on a PC running Windows 7, 10, or 11, you must employ an android emulator such as bluestacks, Nox Player, or Memu Player. ![]() ![]() ![]() They rushed this record out if I recall correctly. A lot of the "common man" social change will seem lost today if you only look at her as an immortal Rock God. In the 1960's, she was not a pretentious "rock star" but one of the people and part of the social change that was and still is going on today. I remember hearing right after she died, "don't worry she has another album coming out." So that gave us some comfort. My cousins saw her round and about in Sausalito all the time (on the other side of the Golden Gate Bridge) like it was no big deal. You would see her hanging out and doing whatever else was going on at the time. This was where she got her first big break as the singer for Big Brother & the Holding Company (which is still going strong playing live). This was especially a big blow to us music fans in the San Francisco Bay Area because we felt she was one of us. I think this album - a great must have Quad title - suffers simply from the fact she died during the making of the record. It's sort of a tricky art that can leave you with, depending on the recording, it is what it is, no matter how much tweaking you do. Having mixed many songs with loud vocals with loud rock music, it's easy to lower the vocals a bit so you can clearly hear the music. The same might be said of the vocals on some of the songs on the Aerosmith Quad records. Probably because she would sing softly to very loud in the same song. Because the author for both scripts is the same as well as directions, more or less.īut either way, you're right about Janis' vocals being mixed perhaps a bit into the mix. It gives - IMHO - results that are the same as using Adobe Audition 2.0. ![]() Album DescriptionWhat script and directions are you using for AA 1.5? Try these if you have not already: See More Your browser does not support the audio element. They would have been a better deal if served out as part of a legit collection of her Woodstock performances, or as a collection of previously unreleased live Joplin performances, if enough high-caliber stuff of the sort was available. Those songs are actually reasonably good, but aren't worth buying the whole set for. So what does the set offer to those Joplin fans who already have a lot of her material? Well, not much, but in the time-honored manner of attaching bonus tracks to oft-recycled material, this does have a couple of previously unissued live cuts ("Kozmic Blues" and the Bee Gees' "To Love Somebody") from her 1969 set at Woodstock. ![]() Including both solo recordings and highlights of her stint with Big Brother & the Holding Company, it has all the songs fans and critics would consider milestones in her career: "Ball and Chain" (a version recorded live in 1967 at the Monterey Pop Festival, not the more familiar one from Cheap Thrills), "Piece of My Heart," "Down on Me," "Summertime," "Try (Just a Little Bit Harder)," "Tell Mama" (the live 1970 performance from the expanded edition of Pearl), "Get It While You Can," "Mercedes Benz," and "Me and Bobby McGee." And there are also good tracks that aren't as overly familiar, like "Coo Coo," "Misery'n," "Maybe," "Work Me, Lord," and "A Woman Left Lonely." The substitution of the less familiar renditions of "Ball and Chain" and "Tell Mama" might rankle some consumers expecting to hear the more common ones, but that's frankly unlikely. With this two-CD set, The Essential Janis Joplin, the label's at it again, though it's a good one to get if you don't want to collect all the Joplin releases, and certainly don't want to get the expensive Joplin boxes, but want more than what fits onto a single disc. Buy the album Starting at kr179,49Ĭolumbia has managed to squeeze an impressive, perhaps excessive, number of compilations out of Janis Joplin's relatively slim body of recordings. Purchase and download this album in a wide variety of formats depending on your needs. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Cyberduck ForkLift Transmit WinSCP Top Alternatives to FileZilla Server for. The app works with many popular cloud computing services, as well as remote servers. CyberDuck Free secure file transfer utility that runs on Windows and Mac OS. And the crashes, for reasons unknown to me, dont show the macOS crash report. All your prod work is gonna be on remote server anyway, not your local machine, so ultimately you are gonna be in the terminal a lot (iTerm2 is the best). This app is not only an Amazon S3 client for Mac but also an advanced file manager, which contains all the necessary functions for quick and convenient work with both local and online files.Ĭommander One has a simple two-panel interface to simplify working with files, a built-in Terminal, ability to work with Android / MTP/ iOS devices, advanced search, support for various archives, encryption on online connections and much more. Cyberduck is a free WinSPC alternative that is mainly built for mac devices. There are no advantages to getting a Linux laptop. These clients support work not only with Amazon cloud storage but also with other popular cloud computing services and remote servers. Here is the list of the best Amazon S3 Mac clients for your consideration. List of the most popular Amazon S3 clients for Mac Cyberduck for macOS Cyberduck-8.8.zip Version 8.6.0, MD5 fed6dedfadbff5f4519d9d0cd48057e3 macOS 10.12 or later on Intel (64bit) or Apple M1 required. How do I access my S3 bucket from Mac terminal? Download Changelog Cyberduck for Windows Cyberduck-Installer-8.8.exe Version 8.6.0, MD5 215bb8f3ddb4b46942655734d25656b3 Windows 10 (64bit) or later required.Filter by these if you want a narrower list of alternatives or looking for a specific functionality of Cyberduck. Cyberduck alternatives are mainly File Managers but may also be FTP Clients or Cloud Storage Services. Cyberduck is a free open-source cloud storage browser that enables you to easily upload and download files. List of the most popular Amazon S3 clients for Mac Other interesting Mac alternatives to Cyberduck are Rclone, Forklift, odrive and Air Explorer. Cyberduck is a free open-source cloud storage browser that enables you to easily upload and download files. ![]() ![]() ![]() Parents, teachers and providers can avoid making matters worse by differentiating between the two types of behaviors. The process continues through early adulthood. And this is why so many of our treatments fall short, or even deepen a child or teen’s emotional and behavioral challenges. As a point of reference, almost all toddler tantrums are bottom-up because children don’t begin to develop the ability to reliably control emotions and behaviors until late toddlerhood. When we punish a bottom-up behavior, we can easily make matters worse. Not all behaviors are top-down many disruptive behaviors are actually bottom-up.īottom-up behaviors do not respond to rewards, consequences or punishments. Bottom-up behaviors are brain-based stress responses that require understanding, compassion and actively helping an individual feel safe, based on that individual’s unique neurology. What do all of these approaches have in common? They all involve discipline, and are based on the view that behaviors are top-down and deliberate, and should be dealt with through punishments, consequences or rewards. Level- drop programs–Facilities frequently use this reward and consequence protocol for teens in residential psychiatric care. Isolation–When children and teens are hospitalized, too often isolation from family and friends is used as an intervention. Seclusion and restraint -Across the US and internationally, schools send students into seclusion and isolation rooms under the guise of “protecting self or others.” Preschool suspensions-America’s preschools suspend an average of 250 preschoolers daily. And the main way we solve them? Punishment. Too many approaches to helping behaviorally challenged children and teens are based on the assumption that all challenging behaviors are alike. These two types of behaviors have completely different causes and should lead to very different solutions depending on the type of behavior. But this isn’t happening. ![]() They are called top-down because they are literally driven by the top part of our bodies, the “executive function” center of our brain. Top-down thinking and behaviors develop over many years through connections to the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Top-down behaviors are deliberate and intentional. They are called bottom-up because they come from cues in the body and areas of the brain that are driven by instincts. They are survival-based stress responses, and operate through the activation of the brain’s threat-detection system. Over decades of clinical practice, I have found it’s critical to know the difference between top-down and bottom-up behaviors.īottom-up behaviors are instinctual and unintentional. My recent Facebook post on the topic reached well over a million people. Most graduate programs in mental health, education, social work, and medicine don’t yet consider this dichotomy important enough to teach or train about. I didn’t, even after years of college, training, and earning a Ph.D. Did you know that there are (at least) 2 different kinds of behaviors? Most people don’t. ![]() ![]() ![]() The score on the Binet–Simon scale would reveal the child's mental age. It was intended to identify "mental retardation" in school children, but in specific contradistinction to claims made by psychiatrists that these children were "sick" (not "slow") and should therefore be removed from school and cared for in asylums. Psychologist Alfred Binet, co-developer of the Stanford–Binet testįrench psychologist Alfred Binet, together with Victor Henri and Théodore Simon, had more success in 1905, when they published the Binet–Simon test, which focused on verbal abilities. ![]() After gathering data on a variety of physical variables, he was unable to show any such correlation, and he eventually abandoned this research. He set up the first mental testing center in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories. He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other observable traits such as reflexes, muscle grip, and head size. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean genes, although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance). The English statistician Francis Galton (1822–1911) made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. Both intelligence classification by observation of behavior outside the testing room and classification by IQ testing depend on the definition of "intelligence" used in a particular case and on the reliability and error of estimation in the classification procedure. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based primarily on IQ test scores. Historically, even before IQ tests were devised, there were attempts to classify people into intelligence categories by observing their behavior in daily life. See also: History of the race and intelligence controversy Precursors to IQ testing Investigation of different patterns of increases in subtest scores can also inform current research on human intelligence. Raw scores on IQ tests for many populations have been rising at an average rate that scales to three IQ points per decade since the early 20th century, a phenomenon called the Flynn effect. They are also used to study distributions of psychometric intelligence in populations and the correlations between it and other variables. In research contexts, they have been studied as predictors of job performance and income. IQ scores are used for educational placement, assessment of intellectual disability, and evaluating job applicants. While the heritability of IQ has been investigated for nearly a century, there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and the mechanisms of inheritance. IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as nutrition, parental socioeconomic status, morbidity and mortality, parental social status, and perinatal environment. ![]() Unlike, for example, distance and mass, a concrete measure of intelligence cannot be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of "intelligence". Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence. This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between IQ 85 and IQ 115 and about 2.5 percent each above 130 and below 70. For modern IQ tests, the raw score is transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. The resulting fraction ( quotient) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. ![]() Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenzquotient, his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book. An intelligence quotient ( IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardised tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence. ![]() ![]() An Islamic invasion of France was turned away at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, and a Western counter-offensive known as the Reconquista lasted about 700 more years. By the middle of the 8th century, the Islamic Caliphate had conquered the Levant, parts of North Africa, and even parts of Spain, all regions which had converted to Christianity in the previous three centuries. From Arabia, Islam surged forth onto the world stage in the 7th century as a religion carried by the force of arms. The conflict between Christianity and Islam has been one of the defining factors in Europe and the Middle East, and while this dichotomy might be an excessively simple and incomplete explanation, there is no doubt that it has generated the world today. For nearly 1,000 years, there had been a clash for the souls, hearts, and bodies of societies across Europe, Africa, and Asia. ![]() Salamis, Hastings, Agincourt, Waterloo, Sedan, and Stalingrad all fit into this category, and the 1683 Battle of Vienna or Kahlenberg (named after a hill near the city) can also, with eminent justification, be placed in the list of era-changing conflicts. Seismic shifts pivot upon the outcome of such events, and many of them come from battles, for it is an unfortunate but irrefutable fact of history that humanity is shaped by the force of arms. There are certain events that are famous not so much in themselves, noteworthy as they might be, but on account of their role in the context of history. General Starhemberg hugged and kissed me and called me his saviour." - Polish King John III Sobieski ![]() it is victory as nobody ever knew before, the enemy now completely ruined, everything lost for them. tents, sheep, cattle and no small number of camels. ![]() *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading ![]() |
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